In the case of semantic generalization, the reverse holds: the outdated meaning was an effective subcase of your own the brand new

by Kurt Johnson

In the case of semantic generalization, the reverse holds: the outdated meaning was an effective subcase of your own the brand new

step one.dos Semantic Interactions

Once sensory faculties is actually understood (and you can of course they are known that have a fair level of confidence), the type of relationships that can be acquired between them should be founded. Widely known category regarding semantic relationships is offered from the society out-of historical semantics, that’s, this new words regularly define synchronic relationships anywhere between phrase significance was basically the same as the new language used to determine diachronic changes out of definition. On the simplest instance, in the event that feel a beneficial try synchronically associated with sense b from the metonymy, after that a system off metonymy has acted diachronically to extend feel a towards experience b: diachronic systems out of semasiological alter reappear synchronically since semantic interactions certainly word significance.

Brand new pc and the stored circumstances, or the mouse as well as the pointer, keeps a romance off genuine-community connectedness which is constantly caught because of the notion of ‘contiguity

This new four earliest brands was expertise, generalization, metaphor, and you may metonymy (revealed right here, out of a great diachronic perspective, just like the components in lieu of synchronic connections). In the case of semantic specialty, the brand new meaning are a regulation of your own dated meaning: the brand new definition are a beneficial subcase of one’s dated. Traditional examples of specialty is actually corn (in the first place a wages-title for everyone categories of grains, now formal to ‘wheat’ within the England, to ‘oats’ in the Scotland, and to ‘maize’ in the us), starve (moving from ‘in order to die’ so you can ‘to perish out of hunger’), and you will king (to begin with ‘wife, girl,’ today limited to ‘king’s partner, otherwise girls sovereign’). Examples of generalization is moonlight (mainly the newest planet’s satellite, but extended to the world’s satellite), and you may French arriver (and that in the first place created ‘to reach the latest river’s coast, to help you embank,’ however, and therefore now is short for ‘to reach a good destination’ generally). There’s a lot away from terminological type regarding the specialty and you will generalization. ‘Restriction’ and you may ‘narrowing’ of definition equal ‘expertise,’ when you find yourself ‘expansion,’ ‘schematization,’ and you may ‘broadening’ off definition equal ‘generalization.’ Including, new significance inside it can be stated so you’re able to amuse relations of taxonomical subordination otherwise superordination: during the a beneficial taxonomy (a tree-eg hierarchical group) away from basics, the newest official meaning is using pertaining to the first one to, whereas new general meaning is actually superordinate pertaining to the initial.

Such as specialization and you may generalization, it is smoother and you can traditional to introduce metaphor and you will metonymy along with her, although the relationships is not as personal like with the brand new former couple. (More on metaphor and you will metonymy comes after in point 1.6, “Conceptual Metaphor and you may Metonymy.”) Metaphor will be supposed to be predicated on a love from similarity between the old and the fresh studying, and metonymy towards a romance regarding contiguity. Current pc terms productivity samples of both brands. This new desktop computer of computer display, by way of example, is not necessarily the same as the new pc of the work environment desk-aside from in both cases, it’s the area (an exact place in a single situation, an online one out of others) in which you reputation a lot of items that your continuously explore otherwise one urgently you prefer attention. The device desktop computer, put another way, is not literally a desktop regarding completely new experience, nevertheless keeps a working similarity into fresh: the computer studying is an effective metaphorical extension of the modern place of work seats training. Useful similarities together with underlie metaphorical words such as save, clipboard, file, folder, slash, and you will insert. Mouse, at https://datingranking.net/pl/aisle-recenzja/ exactly the same time, is additionally metaphorically passionate, but here, the newest metaphorical resemblance comes to shape unlike setting. However now thought a statement toward effect that pc could keep your hectic for the next two weeks, or which you query out loud where the mouse went whenever you’re looking to to find this new tip to your display screen. In these instances, desktop and you can mouse can be used metonymically. Regarding the former case, it is really not the fresh virtual space as a result which is associated, however the items that was kept there. On latter instance, it is not the newest mouse as a result (the thing that you own on your hands) which you consider, nevertheless pointer with the screen that is manage by the mouse. ‘ When, as an instance, you to drinks an entire bottles, this is simply not the new bottle but simply its information which might be consumed: container can be used to consider a certain variety of container, in addition to (spatially contiguous) contents of you to definitely basket. When lexical semanticians state that metonymical alter derive from contiguity, contiguity really should not be realized inside the a narrow sense just like the referring so you can spatial proximity simply, however, so much more broadly just like the a broad name for several connections in the new spatial, temporal, otherwise causal website name.

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